Where the math is defensible.
Long-form research on live enterprise decisions. Publication is selective. Every number traces to a named source. No takes without evidence.
Green steel, hydrogen DRI, and the 2026 transition: from Hesgang to Boden, from CBAM to 45V
The blast furnace pathway still makes 70 percent of the world's steel. Hydrogen DRI plus EAF is now moving from pilot to first commercial scale in 2025 and 2026, and the policy stack of CBAM, 45V, and Innovation Fund grants determines who clears the cost gap.
Global crude steel production reached 1.85 billion tonnes in 2024 (worldsteel), with China at 1,005 Mt, India at 149 Mt, and the United States at 79 Mt. The integrated blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF and BOF) route, responsible for roughly 70 percent of output, runs at 1.85 to 2.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of crude ste...
Korea's 11th BPLE in 2026: nuclear, renewables, and the KEPCO balance sheet
The 11th Basic Plan for Long term Electricity Supply locks in a higher nuclear share alongside accelerated renewables, but the speed of the transition is constrained less by policy ambition than by KEPCO's wrecked balance sheet and the unresolved tariff politics behind it.
South Korea finalized its 11th Basic Plan for Long term Electricity Supply (BPLE) in early 2025 and entered the implementation phase under a new administration in 2026. The plan targets a 35.6 percent nuclear share and a 32.9 percent clean and renewable share by 2038, anchored by Hanul, Sin Hanul, and a domestic SMR pilot. The execution c...